B Lymphocytes and Macrophages in the Perivascular Adipose Tissue Are Associated With Coronary Atherosclerosis: An Autopsy Study.

Background Macrophages and T lymphocytes in the perivascular adipose tissue (PvAT) were previously linked to coronary artery disease. However, the role of these cells and B lymphocytes in the human PvAT adjacent to unstable atherosclerotic plaques has not been investigated. Moreover, previous studies were inconclusive on whether PvAT inflammation was restricted to the surroundings of the atheroma plaque. Methods and Results Coronary arteries were freshly dissected with the surrounding PvAT. Atherosclerotic plaques were classified according to the internationally accepted anatomopathological criteria. Immune cells in the PvAT were detected using immunohistochemistry and then quantified. We used linear and logistic regressions with robust standard errors, adjusted for possible confounding factors. In 246 atherosclerotic plaques (205 stable and 41 unstable plaques) from 82 participants (mean age=69.0±14.4 years; 50% men), the percentage of arterial obstruction was positively correlated with the densities of CD68+ macrophages (P=0.003) and CD20+ B lymphocytes (P=0.03) in the periplaque PvAT. The number of cells was greater in the periplaque PvAT than in the distal PvAT (macrophages, P<0.001; B lymphocytes, P=0.04). In addition, the density of macrophages in the periplaque PvAT was greater in the presence of unstable plaques (P=0.03) and was also greater near unstable plaques than in the distal PvAT (P=0.001). CD3+ T lymphocytes were not associated with percentage of obstruction and stable/unstable plaque composition. Conclusions The density of CD20+ B lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages in periplaque PvAT was increased with plaque size, and the CD68+ macrophages were greater near unstable atherosclerotic plaques than near stable lesions. This inflammation was more intense in the periplaque PvAT than in the PvAT distal to the atherosclerotic plaques.

Direct Measurements of Abdominal Visceral Fat and Cognitive Impairment in Late Life: Findings From an Autopsy Study.

Background: The relationship between cognitive impairment and abdominal visceral is controversial. Moreover, all studies so far used imaging studies to evaluate visceral fat and this association has not been described yet using autopsy material, which allows the direct quantification of abdominal fat. We aimed to investigate the association between direct measurements of abdominal visceral fat and cognitive impairment in an autopsy study. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we collected information on sociodemographics, cardiovascular risk factors, and cognitive status from subjects aged 50 or older at time of death in a general autopsy service in Brazil. Abdominal visceral fat was obtained in natura by the dissection of perirenal, mesenteric, omental, and mesocolon fat. The associations of total abdominal visceral fat with cognitive impairment [clinical dementia rating (CDR) score ≥0.5] and CDR-sum of boxes (CDR-SB) were evaluated using logistic regression and negative binomial regression models, respectively. All analyses were adjusted for height, age, sex, education, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, smoking, alcohol use, and physical inactivity. In addition, we compared the discrimination of visceral fat, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) measurements in predicting cognitive impairment. Results: We evaluated 234 participants (mean age = 71.2 ± 12.9 years old, 59% male). Abdominal visceral fat was inversely associated with cognitive impairment (OR = 0.46, CI = 0.30; 0.70, p < 0.0001) and with CDR-SB scores (ß = -0.85, 95% CI = -1.28; -0.43, p < 0.0001). When we compared the area under the ROC curve (AUC), visceral fat (AUC = 0.754), BMI (AUC = 0.729), and WC (AUC = 0.720) showed similar discrimination in predicting cognitive impairment (p = 0.38). Conclusion: In an autopsy study, larger amount of directly measured abdominal visceral fat was associated with lower odds of cognitive impairment in older adults.

Morphometric measurements of systemic atherosclerosis and visceral fat: Evidence from an autopsy study.

BACKGROUND: Morphometric measurements of systemic atherosclerosis and direct quantification of visceral fat are only possible using materials from autopsy studies. However, the few autopsy studies that have investigated the association of visceral fat with atherosclerosis had small sample sizes and focused on coronary arteries of young or middle-aged White subjects. We aimed to investigate the association of pericardial fat (PF) and abdominal visceral fat (AVF) with atherosclerosis in the aorta, coronary, carotid, and cerebral arteries in a large autopsy study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated deceased subjects aged 30 years or above. We dissected and weighted the PF and the AVF and evaluated the atherosclerotic burden in the aorta, as well as the carotid, coronary, and cerebral arteries using morphometric measurements. We also investigated the interaction of PF and AVF with age regarding the atherosclerotic burden. RESULTS: The mean age of the 240 included subjects was 64.8±15.3 years, and 63% was male. Greater PF was associated with a higher degree of aortic atherosclerosis after adjusting for confounding variables (coefficient = 4.39, 95% CI = 0.83; 7.94, p = 0.02). Greater AVF was associated with a higher coronary stenosis index (coefficient = 1.49, 95% CI = 0.15; 2.83, p = 0.03) and a greater number of coronary plaques (coefficient = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.24; 1.19, p = 0.003). We did not find an association of PF or AVF with carotid or cerebral atherosclerotic burden. We found a significant interaction of AVF (coefficient = -0.08; 95% CI = -0.14; -0.02, p = 0.009) and PF (coefficient = -0.87, 95% CI = -1.70; -0.04, p = 0.04) with age regarding carotid artery atherosclerotic burden. CONCLUSIONS: Greater AVF was associated with greater atherosclerotic burden and extent in coronary arteries, while greater PF correlated with a higher degree of atherosclerosis in the aorta.

Perivascular Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Coronary Artery Disease: An Autopsy Study Protocol.

BACKGROUND: Perivascular adipose tissue (PAT) inflammation may have a role in coronary artery disease (CAD) pathophysiology. However, most evidence has come from samples obtained during surgical procedures that may imply in some limitations. Moreover, the role of B lymphocytes and inflammation in PAT that is adjacent to unstable atheroma plaques has not been investigated in humans using morphometric measurements. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the inflammation in PAT, subcutaneous, and perirenal adipose tissues (SAT and PrAT) among chronic CAD, acute CAD, and control groups in an autopsy study. METHODS: Heart, SAT, and PrAT samples are collected from autopsied subjects in a general autopsy service, with the written informed consent of the next-of-kin (NOK). Sociodemographic and clinical data are obtained from a semistructure interview with the NOK. Coronary arteries are dissected and PAT are removed. Sections with the greatest arterial obstruction or unstable plaques, and the local with absence of atherosclerosis in all coronary arteries are sampled. PAT are represented adjacent to these fragments. Adipose tissues are fixed in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde solution and analyzed immunohistochemically for macrophages (CD68), macrophage polarization (CD11c for proinflammatory and CD206 for anti-inflammatory), B lymphocytes (CD20), and T lymphocytes (CD3). Slides will be scanned, and inflammatory cells will be quantified in 20 random fields. Participants will be categorized in CAD groups, after morphometric measurement of arterial obstruction and plaque composition analysis in accordance with American Heart Association classification. Three study groups will be investigated: acute CAD (at least one unstable plaque); chronic CAD (≥50% arterial obstruction); and controls (<50% arterial obstruction). Inflammatory cells in PAT, SAT, and PrAT will be counted and compared between groups using multivariate linear regression, adjusted for age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, alcohol use, and smoking. RESULTS: We present the methods of our study that was developed from 2 pilots. Currently, data collection and tissue processing are ongoing. Data collection, histology and immunochemistry procedures, and quantification of all inflammatory cells are expected to be concluded within 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: This study will contribute for the understanding of the mechanisms of CAD pathophysiology because it will help to clarify the role of inflammation both in chronic and acute CAD.

Association between adiposity and systemic atherosclerosis: a protocol of a cross-sectional autopsy study.

INTRODUCTION: Adiposity has been associated with atherosclerosis in clinical studies. However, few autopsy studies have investigated this association, and they had only examined the coronary artery disease. Moreover, most studies had small sample sizes and were limited to middle-aged or young adults. Our aim is to investigate the association between adiposity and systemic atherosclerosis in an autopsy study. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A sample of 240 deceased with 30 years or more will be evaluated. The sample size was calculated using the lowest correlation coefficient found in previous studies (r=0.109), assuming a power of 90% and α=0.05. We will collect information about sociodemographics, frequency of previous contact of the deceased's next of kin and cardiovascular risk factors. We will measure neck, waist and hip circumferences, weight, height and abdominal subcutaneous tissue thickness, and then we will calculate the body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio and body shape index. We will also weigh the pericardial and abdominal visceral fat, the heart, and we will measure the left ventricular wall thickness. We will evaluate the presence of myocardial infarction, the degree of atherosclerosis in the aorta, carotid, coronary and cerebral arteries and plaque composition in carotid, coronary and cerebral arteries. For each individual, we will fix arterial and adipose tissue samples in 10% formalin and freeze another adipose tissue sample at -80°C for future studies. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Brazil. Results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

Associação entre adiposidade e aterosclerose sistêmica / Association between adiposity and systemic atherosclerosis

A adiposidade tem sido associada à aterosclerose em vários estudos clínicos. No entanto, poucos estudos de autópsia tem investigado a relação entre adiposidade e aterosclerose sistêmica e os estudos existentes compararam medidas antropométricas e/ou gordura visceral com aterosclerose, porém não avaliaram a aterosclerose em vários sítios em um mesmo indivíduo, avaliando frequentemente apenas a aterosclerose nas artérias coronárias, utilizaram medidas aproximadas de estenose das artérias coronárias, os tamanhos das amostras foram pequenos e os indivíduos eram mais jovens ou de meia-idade. OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação entre adiposidade, mensurada através de medidas antropométricas e a massa de gordura visceral abdominal e torácica com a aterosclerose nas artérias aorta, coronárias, carótidas e cerebrais. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal em que foram avaliados 240 sujeitos com 30 anos ou mais. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, fatores de risco cardiovasculares, medidas antropométricas e massas de gorduras pericárdica e visceral abdominal. O grau de aterosclerose nas artérias aorta, carótidas, coronárias e cerebrais foi avaliado através de medidas morfométricas e o coração foi avaliado quanto à presença de infarto do miocárdio. Foi realizada avaliação da associação entre medidas antropométricas e massa de gordura visceral com a aterosclerose. RESULTADOS: A gordura pericárdica foi associada ao grau de aterosclerose da aorta (p = 0,03). As gorduras viscerais abdominal (p = 0,006) e total (p = 0,006) apresentaram associação com o número de placas nas artérias coronárias. A relação cintura-quadril (RCQ) foi associada ao grau de aterosclerose da artéria aorta (p = 0,005), índice de estenose das artérias coronárias (p = 0,03) e ao número de placas nas artérias coronárias (p = 0,04). CONCLUSÕES: Dentre as medidas antropométricas, a RCQ e as gorduras pericárdica, viscerais abdominal e total foram as mais correlacionadas com o...

Adiposity has been associated with atherosclerosis in several clinical studies. However, few autopsy studies have investigated the relationship between adiposity and systemic atherosclerosis and the previous studies compared anthropometric measurements and/or visceral fat with atherosclerosis, but they did not evaluate the atherosclerosis in several sites in the same individual, evaluating only atherosclerosis in coronary arteries, they used approximate stenosis measurements of the coronary arteries, the sample sizes were small and the individuals were younger and middle-aged. AIM: To investigate the association between adiposity, measured by anthropometric measurements and the weight of abdominal visceral and pericardial fat with atherosclerosis in the aorta, coronary, carotid and cerebral arteries. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study which evaluated 240 subjects aged 30 or more. We collected demographic data, cardiovascular risk factors, anthropometric measurements and weight of pericardial and abdominal visceral fat. The degree of atherosclerosis in the aorta, carotid, coronary and cerebral arteries was evaluated by morphometric measurements and the heart was evaluated for the presence of myocardial infarction. The association between anthropometric measurements and weight of visceral fat with atherosclerosis was evaluated. RESULTS: Pericardial fat was associated with the degree of atherosclerosis of the aorta (p = 0.03). The abdominal (p=0.006) and overall (p=0.006) visceral fat were associated with the number of plaques in the coronary arteries. The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was associated with the degree of atherosclerosis of the aorta (p=0.005), stenosis index of the coronary arteries (p=0.03) and the number of plaques in the coronary arteries (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: WHR, pericardial, abdominal and total visceral fat were the measurement most correlated with the degree of atherosclerosis in different arteries...